Olemegi õnnelikult Uppsalas. See on pika ajalooga linn, mille nime on tõenäoliselt igaüks kuulnud. Jalutasime õhtul linnas ja kosutasime nii vaimu kui ka keha. Siin on mõned vaated ja mõtted, mis sellel jalutuskäigul meelde jäid.
We have arrived safely in Uppsala. This is a city with a long history, whose name just about everyone has probably heard. In the evening we walked around the town and refreshed both mind and body. Here are some of the views and thoughts that stayed with us from that walk.
Uppsala ülikool on vanim põhjamaades. See asutati 1477. (Tartu ülikool asutati 1632). Erinevalt Tartu ülikoolist, mille asutas Rootsi kuningas Gustav II Adolf, asutati Uppsala ülikool Rooma paavsti korraldusel. Uppsala sai ülikooli asukohaks kuna siin asus kiriku keskus ja tolleaegne ülikool oli kiriklik asutus, kus õpetust jagasid vaimulikud. Ülikooli loomise eestvedajaks oli peapiiskop Jakob Ulvsson ja loomulikult valis ta selle asukohaks oma residentsi. Sama loogika on aluseks ka teiste vanade ülikoolide asukohtadele – Pariis, Bologna ja Oxford.
Uppsala University is the oldest in the Nordic countries. It was founded in 1477. (The University of Tartu was founded in 1632.) Unlike Tartu, which was founded by the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, Uppsala University was established by order of the Pope in Rome. Uppsala became its home because the centre of the church was here, and a university of that era was a church institution where the teaching was done by clergymen. The driving force behind its founding was Archbishop Jakob Ulvsson, and naturally he chose his own seat as the location. The same logic lies behind the location of the other old universities – Paris, Bologna and Oxford.
Gustavianum on Uppsala ülikooli vanim säilinud hoone. Selle ehitust rahastas Tartu Ülikooli asutaja Gustav II Adolf ja see hoone valmis 1622-25. Hoone torn on ehitatud hiljem, aga see on koht, mis meelde jäi. Nimelt asus selles anatoomikum, kus toimusid avalikud lahkamised. Surnukehad kuulusid surma mõistetud kurjategijatele ja lahkamine oli etendus, mida igaüks võis vaatama tulla.
Gustavianum is the oldest surviving building of Uppsala University. Its construction was funded by Gustav II Adolf, the founder of the University of Tartu, and the building was completed in 1622-25. The tower was added later, but that is the part that stayed with us. It housed the anatomical theatre, where public dissections took place. The bodies belonged to criminals sentenced to death, and a dissection was a performance that anyone could come and watch.
Veel üks fakt mis minu jaoks oli täiesti uus. Uppsalas tegutses ka Celsius, kelle eesnimeks oli Anders. Ta oli mitmendat põlve teadlane ja tegeles ise nii füüsika, astronoomia kui ka matemaatikaga. Tema lõi ka meil kasutusel oleva Celsiuse kraadide süsteemi. Nii ma arvasin, aga tegelikult see päris nii ei ole. Celsiuse poolt loodud süsteemis oli vee keemistemperatuuriks 0 kraadi ja külmumise temperatuuriks -100 kraadi. Tänapäevane süsteem kehtestati juba peale Celsiuse surma 1744.
Another fact that was completely new to me. Celsius – first name Anders – also worked in Uppsala. He came from several generations of scientists and worked in physics, astronomy and mathematics alike. He also created the Celsius degree system that we use. Or so I thought, but that is not quite how it was. In the system Celsius created, the boiling point of water was 0 degrees and the freezing point -100 degrees. The modern system was introduced only after Celsius’s death in 1744.
Kirikusse me kahjuks sisse ei pääsenud kuna seal toimus kontsert. Kirikusse on maetud kuulus kuningas Gustav Vasa, keda peetakse tänapäevase Rootsi riigi rajajaks. Teiste seas on sinna maetud ka kuulsa Sture-de pere liikmed, kes Uppsalas 1567 aastal mõrvati. Sellest tuleb juttu veidi allpool.
Unfortunately we could not get inside the church, as a concert was being held there. The famous king Gustav Vasa, regarded as the founder of the modern Swedish state, is buried in it. Among others, members of the well-known Sture family are buried there too – the men who were murdered in Uppsala in 1567. More about that a little further down.
Surmav mõrv Uppsalas. Oli aasta 1567 ja Rootsi kuningaks oli Gustav Vasa poeg Erik XIV. Uppsala lossi kongis olid vangistatud Sture pere liikmed – isa Svante ja pojad Nils ja Erik. Erik XIV-l oli kaks probleemi. Ta umbusaldas Sturesid. See pere oli olnud pikalt Rootsis võimu juures ja kuningas kartis, et nende toetus on suurem kui tema oma. Teiseks ei olnud tema peas enam kõik korras. Kõik see kulmineerus 24. mail kui kuningas sisenes Svante kongi. Ta palus vanemalt Sturelt andestust ja pussitas ta seejärel pistodaga surnuks. Ülejäänud vangid käskis ta tappa oma sõjasulastel. Pärast seda kohutavat tegu kadus ta lossist.
Erik XIV leiti alles tükk aega hiljem. Tal olid seljas lihtsa talupoja riided ja ta ajas väga segast juttu. Tapetud maeti katedraali ja ka nende riided jäid sinna hoiule ja on alles tänase päevani. Need on kõige paremini säilinud ilmalikud riided sellest perioodist, milles on noa augud veel selgelt näha.
A deadly murder in Uppsala. The year was 1567 and the king of Sweden was Erik XIV, the son of Gustav Vasa. Members of the Sture family were held prisoner in a cell of Uppsala Castle – the father Svante and the sons Nils and Erik. Erik XIV had two problems. He distrusted the Stures. The family had long been close to power in Sweden and the king feared their support was greater than his own. Secondly, all was no longer well in his head. It all culminated on 24 May, when the king entered Svante’s cell. He begged the elder Sture for forgiveness and then stabbed him to death with a dagger. He ordered his men-at-arms to kill the remaining prisoners. After this dreadful deed he vanished from the castle.
Erik XIV was found only a good while later. He was dressed in simple peasant clothes and his talk was very confused. The murdered men were buried in the cathedral, and their clothes were kept there as well and survive to this day. They are the best-preserved secular garments from that period, and the knife holes are still clearly visible in them.
Loss mille ehituse alustas Gustav Vasa 1549. Veel üks huvitav fakt, mis on selle kuningaga seotud. Enne kui ta kuningaks sai üritas ta leida omale toetajaid oma kodumõisa ümbruse talupoegade hulgast. See aga ei olnud eriti edukas ja oma turvalisuse tagamiseks asus ta teele Norrasse. Talupojad aga mõtlesid ümber ja saatsid mehed tulevasele kuningale suuskadel järele. Sellel samal distantsil sõidetaksegi Vasaloppet’i suusamaratoni.
The castle whose construction was begun by Gustav Vasa in 1549. Another interesting fact connected with this king. Before he became king, he tried to find supporters among the peasants around his home manor. That was not particularly successful, and to secure his own safety he set off for Norway. The peasants, however, changed their minds and sent men after the future king on skis. It is over that very same distance that the Vasaloppet ski marathon is run.
Allpool on kaks pilti Uppsala kesklinnas. Majad asuvad kõrvuti ja tundub nagu oleks ehitajatel aadressid segi läinud. Müürsepad sattusid puust maja juurde ja tegid sinna kivist juurdeehituse, puusepad aga omakorda kivimaja juurde ja lisasid sinna puust kõrvalhoone. Kuidas asjad tegelikult olid, selles ajalugu vaikib.
Below are two pictures from the centre of Uppsala. The houses stand side by side and it looks as if the builders had mixed up the addresses. The masons ended up at the wooden house and added a stone extension to it, while the carpenters ended up at the stone house and added a wooden outbuilding. History is silent on how things actually came about.
Meie tänane teekond | Our trip today
